This is my reference to the Harvard referencing system that has been taken word for word from the Leeds University website. Following the contents links on this page will not take you to the material found in this page, instead they link to the contents on the Universities own website. All the information can be found on this page however, just use your browser find tool.
Harvard style bibliographies and references
The Harvard style is the most commonly-used style of referencing worldwide.
Unfortunately, it is not 'owned' by any institution or organisation, so
no authority sets the rules. This means they have been interpreted slightly
differently by different institutions. These webpages recommend a version
taken from the British Standard, but you should check with your department
to see if they recommend something slightly different.
You can either include:
and if you include this, you must also include
- a full bibliography - listing all the sources of information
you have consulted in your research, and this list should also be arranged
alphabetically.
Or you can just provide a full bibliography - check with you School
regarding their requirements.
Below is a checklist of the details you need to include for the common
types of material cited. The layout and formatting should be exactly
as it is shown, though if you do vary it, you should remain consistent throughout
your bibliography:
Archive/Special Collection manuscript
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Date. Title [material type]. Collection,
shelfmark. Library, City, County
COLVIL, S. c.1680. The Mock poem, I-II [manuscript]. Brotherton
Collection, MS Lt 1. Leeds University Library, Leeds, West Yorkshire
Blog
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of blog entry. Date blog entry written.
Title of Blog [online]. [Date accessed]. Available from World Wide
Web: <URL>
NEWTON, A. 2007. Newcastle toolkit. 16 January 2007. Angela Newton:
Blog [online]. [Accessed 23 February 2007]. Available from World Wide
Web: <http://elgg.leeds.ac.uk/libajn/weblog/>
Books (one or more authors)
Take the information from the title page and the reverse of the title page:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. City of publication: Publisher
ADAMS, A. D. 1906. Electric transmission of water power. New York:
McGraw
Books (edited)
Write (ed) or (eds) after the editor's name(s):
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). (ed). Year. Title. City of publication:
Publisher
CRANDELL, K.A. (ed). 1999. The Evolution of HIV. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins Press
Books (electronic)
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. City of publication: Publisher.
[ Date accessed]. Available from World Wide Web: <URL>
McROBBIE, A. 1998. British fashion design : rag trade or image industry?
London: Routledge. [Accessed 31 May 2006]. Available from World Wide Web:
<http://leeds.etailer.dpsl.net/Home/html/moreinfo.asp?isbn=0203168011>
Census statistics
DEPOSITOR, Title [computer file]. ESRC/JISC Census Programme, Census
Data Support Unit, University in which the unit is based.
OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS, 2001 Census: Standard Area Statistics
(England and Wales) [computer file]. ESRC/JISC Census Programme, Census
Dissemination Unit, MIMAS (University of Manchester)
Chapters in edited books
Use the title page and reverse title page of the book and the chapter heading
itself:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Chapter title. In: Initial(s) FAMILY
NAME OF EDITOR(S), (eds). Title of book. City of publication: Publisher.
Page number of your quotation
COFFIN, J. M. 1999. Molecular Biology of HIV. In: K.A. CRANDELL,
(ed). The Evolution of HIV, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, pp.2-10.
CD-ROM
Use the accompanying material:
Title. Year. [CD-ROM]. City of publication: Publisher.
Who's who 1897-1998. 1998. [CD-ROM] London: Oxford University
Press.
Command papers
GREAT BRITAIN. Department/Committee. Year. Title. (Command no).
HMSO: London
GREAT BRITAIN. Criminal Law Revision Committee. 1984. Fifteenth Report:
Sexual Offences. (Cmnd 9213). HMSO: London
N.B. Check what abbreviation
is required for Command, as this is different for different historical periods.
Conference papers and proceedings
Use the title page and reverse title page of the full proceedings
and the headings for the paper:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of paper. In: Editor(s)
of conference proceedings if known. Title of conference, date of conference,
location of conference. Place of publication: publisher. Page number(s)
ROBERTSON, J. 1986. The economics of local recovery. In: The Other
Economic Summit, 17/18 April 1986, Tokyo. London: The Other Economic
Summit, pp.5-10
Congress Hearing (U.S.)
U.S. HOUSE. Committee. Title. Hearing, date. Washington: Government
Printing Office, Year
U.S. HOUSE. Committee on Economic and Educational Opportunities. Child
care and child welfare. Hearing, 3 February 1995. Washington: Government
Printing Office, 1995
Dance - live performance
CHOREOGRAPHER. Premiere date. Title.[Date seen and where].
ASHTON, F. 1940. Dante Sonata, The Royal Ballet [performance viewed
10 July 2004, Lincoln Centre, New York]
Dance - video
DIRECTOR/PRODUCER. Year published or first transmission. Title
of video or programme [type of medium e.g. video], Production company
or Publisher [further details to identify dance works]
LOCKYER, B. dir. 1979. Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet [video for
television transmission], BBC TV. in association with R.M. Productions Munich
[Les Patineurs, Ashton; Pineapple Poll, Cranko]
Electronic discussion lists
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. Date added. Available from:
Discussion group title [Date accessed]
CRANSHAW, L. 2001. Nature license for 2001 and beyond: can your institution
afford it? 6 Feb 2001. Available from: lis e-journals [Accessed
21 March 2002]
Email communications
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Title. [online]. Message to: Recipient.
Date sent. [Date accessed]. Personal communication
PRITCHARD, S. Your request for Information about ISO Standards.
[online]. Message to: Margaret MORRISON. 18 February 2005. [Accessed 3 March
2005]. Personal communication
Eprints and preprints
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal title,
Volume (issue number), page numbers. Prefix.Eprint number
KLEINBLOCK, D. and G. MARGULIS. 1998. Flows of homogenous spaces and Diophantine
approximation on manifolds. Annals of Mathematics, 148
(2), pp.339-360. ArXiv:math.NT/9810036
E.U. COM documents
Title, COM (last 2 digits of the year)serial number, final
Proposal for a Council directive establishing a European Guarantee
Fund to promote cinema and television production, COM (95)546, final
E.U. legislation
Institutional origin (e.g. Commission/ Council) form (e.g. Regulation, directive,
decision) institutional treaty (e.g. EEC/EC, ECSC, Euratom) Unique number/
last 2 digits of year of enactment on date passed on title of legislation
Council Regulation (EC) No. 2078/2 of 30 June 1992 on agricultural production
methods compatible with the requirements of the protection of the environment
and the maintenance of the countryside
Film or video
Title. Material designation. Subsidiary originator (director is
preferred). Production details - place: organisation. Year.
Chicken Run. Animated film. Directed by Peter LORD and Nick PARK.
Bristol: Aardman. 2000.
Film transcript
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. [Location of transcript].
City
COBBAN, W. and B. CAMERON. 1998. Mountie: Canada's mightiest myth [National
Film Board of Canada documentary transcript]. Montreal
Government departmental circular
(U.K)
GREAT BRITAIN. Office, Department. Year. Title. Circular distributed:
date. Office: London
GREAT BRITAIN. Home Office, Lord Chancellor's Department and Department
of Health. (Undated). Child witness pack. Circular distributed
10 May 1993. Home Office: London
Hansard
HANSARD (House). Date, column numbers
HANSARD (Commons). 27 November 1986, columns 506-7
Illustration
ORIGINATOR. Year. Title. Material type, location.
GOSSE, S. 1912. The garden, Rowlandson House. Etching and aquatint,
At: London: British Museum, Department of Prints and Drawings.
Register number 1915-27-41.
Image (Online)
ORIGINATOR. Year. Title of image [online]. [Date accessed].
Available from World Wide Web: <url of site>
NEWRY INSTITUTE. 2002. Current student [online]. [Accessed 4th
December 2002]. Available from World Wide Web: <http://www.nkifhe.ac.uk/>
Interview
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. [Personal communication]. Date interview
conducted
SCHAIE, K. 1993. [Personal communication]. 18 April
Interview (taped)
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Interview with the author on Date. City.
[Cassette recording in possession of author]
SMUTS, D. 1987. Interview with the author on 4 August 1987. Cape Town.
[Cassette recording in possession of author]
Journal article
Use the title page of the journal volume or issue and the article:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal title.
Volume (issue number), page number of your quotation
WALKER, J R. 1998. Citing serials: online serial publications and citation
systems. Serials-Librarian, 33 (3/4), pp.343-356.
N.B. Use p. to reference a singe page, and pp. if it is a range of pages.
Journal article (electronic)
Use information from the web site and the article:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal title
[online]. Volume (issue number) [Date accessed], page number
of your quotation. Available from World Wide Web: <url of site>
ROYALL, C.P., B.L.THIEL, and A.M. DONALD, 2001. Radiation damage of water
in environmental scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Microscopy
[online]. 204 (3), [Accessed 9th May 2002], p.185. Available
from World Wide Web: <http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/>
Law report
Law reports do not form part of the Harvard system of citations, the examples
below are accepted ways of referencing law reports.
If the year is crucial to identify the report, enclose it in square brackets
e.g.
Parties in the case [Year] Abbreviation of law report Page
Jones v. Smith [1934] All ER 123
If the law report has a volume number, and so the year is not crucial to
find the case, enclose the year in round brackets e.g.
Parties in the case (Year) volume number Abbreviation of law report
Page
R. v. Williams (1992) 2 WLR 321
Lecture notes
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year of presentation. Lecture title, lecture notes
distributed in the topic module code (capitalised) title of module. Teaching
organisation, the location on date. Do not use italics.
VOLTMER, K. 2006. 'Politicians and the press: Models of interaction', lecture
notes distributed in the topic COMM5610 Politics and the Media. Leeds University,
Man-Made Fibres Building on 17 April.
Major reference works
Editor and publisher of a well-known reference work can be omitted,
but cite the page numbers consulted:
T itle.Year. s.v. Section heading, page number of your quotation
(NB: sub-verbo, this means 'look under' and directs the reader to find it
under another heading, in this case the section)
New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1988. s.v. Microradiography, 15th
ed. p.1374
Map
ORIGINATOR'S SURNAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title, scale. City: Publisher
MASON, J. 1832. Map of the countries lying between Spain and India,
1:8,000,000. London: Ordnance Survey
Microform
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title [Medium]. Available: Title
of microform collection: reel number/ fiche number
ADSON, J. 1621. Courtly masquing ayres, composed to 5. and 6. parts,
for violins, consorts, and cornets [Microfilm]. Available: Early English
books, 1475-1640: 906:1
Mintel report
MINTEL MARKETING INTELLIGENCE. (Year). Title. City of publication:
Publisher
MINTEL MARKETING INTELLIGENCE. (1998). Designerwear: Mintel Marketing
Report. London: Mintel International Group
Music (published)
ORIGINATOR. Year. Title. Subsidiary originator. City of
publication: Publisher.
BRITTAIN, B. 1980. Eight folk songs arrangements for high voice and
harp. Osain ELLIS, (ed). London: Faber Music.
Newspaper article
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Title of article. Year. Newspaper title,
date, page number of your quotation
WEBSTER, B. New speed camera puts more drivers in the frame. 2006. Times,
24 May, p.1
Newspaper cartoon
CARTOONIST. Year. "Title of cartoon." Newspaper title.
Date, Page
BELL, S. 2006. "The alleged al-Qaida threat to Los Angeles".
Guardian. 10 February 2006, p.29
Organisation report
ORGANISATION. (Unpublished, year). Title. Report dated date
NSPCC. (Unpublished, 1988) NSPCC submission to the Home Office Advisory
Group on the admissibility of video recorded interviews. Report dated
September 1988
Painting
ARTIST. Year. Title, material type, measurements. Art Gallery,
City.
VAN GOGH, V. 1888. Sunflowers, oil on canvas, 92.1 x 73 cm. National
Gallery, London
Parliamentary act (U.K.)
Title Year: Monarch. Chapter. The Stationery Office, Year
Access to Justice Act 1999: Elizabeth II. Chapter 22. The Stationery
Office, 1999
Patents and patent applications
This information is found on the title page of the patent:
NAME OF ORIGINATOR. Year. Title of patent document. Patent
code. Patent number
PHILIP MORRIS INC. 1981. Optical perforating apparatus and system.
European patent application 0021165 A1. 1981-01-07.
Press release
ORGANISATION. Year. Title. Press release, issued date
NSPCC. 1993. NSPCC launches justice for children campaign. Press
release, issued 17 March 1993
Senate report (U.S.)
U.S. SENATE. Committee. Title. (Report number). Washington: Government
Printing Office, Year
U.S. SENATE. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Franklin D.
Roosevelt's Family Lands: Report together with minority views (to accompany
s. 134). (S. Rpt. 104-32). Washington: Government Printing Office,
1995
Sound recording
ORIGINATOR. Year. Title. Place of publication and Name of publisher
(separated by a colon). Ref No. Sound type medium. Length.
THE COASTERS. 1958. Sorry but I'm gonna (sic) have to pass. New
York: WEA International Inc. A4591C. Stereo Audiocassette, 3min.
Standards
This information is found on the title page of the standard:
AUTHOR OF STANDARD. Year. Standard Number and Year (separated
by a colon). Title of standard. Place of publication and Name of
publisher (separated by a colon).
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. 1990. BS5605:1990. Recommendations for
citing and referencing published material. Milton Keynes: BSI.
Television advertisement
COMPANY/PRODUCT. Year produced. Description of advert (duration).
Television advertisement, channel. Screened dates
COCA COLA. 2006. Santa handing bottles of coke to a girl every year
at Christmas until she turns into a woman (30 secs). Television advertisement,
ITV3. Screened 01/12/2006-25/12/2006.
Television broadcast
Series title and number and title of episode. Transmitting
organisation and channel, full date and time of transmission.
Prison Break, Episode 210, Rendezvous. TV, Five, 2007 March 19.
22.00 hrs.
Theatre performance (devised
production)
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S)/PRODUCTION COMPANY. Year. Title, performer,
director. International tour: Theatre company
ODIN TEATRET. 1990. The Castle of Hostelbro, perf. Julia VARNEY,
dir. Eugenio BARBA. International tour: Nordisk Teaterlaboratorium/ Teatro
Tascabile
Theatre performance (production
of an authored play)
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title, director, theatre: theatre
company. First performance: Date performance started
SHAKESPEARE, W. 1989. Pericles, Prince of Tyre, dir. David THACKER,
The Swan in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warks: Royal Shakespeare Company. First
performance: 6 September 1989
Theses and dissertations
Use the title page of the thesis:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. Type of qualification,
academic institution
GILL, M.R. 1997. The relationship between the physical properties of
human articular cartilage and tissue biochemistry and ultrastructure.
Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds.
Unpublished documents
If unsure of the date, make a sensible guess and use a question mark:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. Unpublished.
FENDELL, R. 1985? Training and management for primary healthcare.
Unpublished.
Website with author
Take the information from the webpage itself or the associated homepage
- use the title bar and the credits at the bottom of the page, your own
date of viewing the page and insert the words [online] and Available from
World Wide Web:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title [online]. [Date accessed].
Available from World Wide Web : <url of site>
HAWKING, S. 2000. Professor Stephen Hawking's website
[online]. [Accessed 9th May 2002]. Available from World Wide Web: <http://www.hawking.org.uk/home/hindex.html>
Website with no author
Take the information from the webpage itself or the associated homepage
- use the title bar and the credits at the bottom of the page, your own
date of viewing the page and insert the words [online] and Available from
World Wide Web:
Title of website.Year as appearing on site [online]. [Date accessed].
Available from World Wide Web : <url of site>
Feminist Collections A Quarterly of Women's Studies Resources.
2002. [online]. [Accessed 9th May 2002]. Available from World Wide Web:
<http://www.library.wisc.edu/libraries/WomensStudies/fcmain.htm>
Wikis
WIKI NAME. Date. Title of article [online]. [Date accessed]. Available
from World Wide Web:<url of site>
WIKIPEDIA. 2007. Socrates [online]. [Accessed 23rd January 2007].
Available from World Wide Web:<http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Socrates&action=history>
YouTube video
SCREEN NAME. Year. Title [online]. [Date Accessed]. Available from
World Wide Web: <URL>
YANGSTER391991. 2007. Kunfu mix wit breakdance!!! [online]. [Accessed
23 February 2007]. Available from World Wide Web: <http://youtube.com/watch?v=qMZoZsRZxKY>
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